Chiyambi cha nkhani:

NAD + ndiyofunikira pakupanga mphamvu m'thupi komanso kuwongolera njira zofunika kwambiri zama cell.Izi ndichifukwa chake ndizofunika kwambiri, momwe zidatulukira, komanso momwe mungapezere zambiri.

Momwe NAD + Iliri Yamphamvu

Tsegulani buku lililonse la biology ndipo muphunzira za NAD+, zomwe zimayimira nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.Ndi coenzyme yofunikira yomwe imapezeka m'maselo aliwonse m'thupi lanu yomwe imagwira ntchito zambiri zama metabolic monga mphamvu zama cell ndi thanzi la mitochondrial.NAD + imagwira ntchito molimbika m'maselo a anthu ndi nyama zina zoyamwitsa, yisiti ndi mabakiteriya, ngakhale zomera.

Asayansi adziwa za NAD + kuyambira pomwe idapezeka mu 1906, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo kumvetsetsa kwathu kufunikira kwake kukupitilirabe.Mwachitsanzo, NAD + precursor niacin idathandizira kuchepetsa pellagra, matenda oopsa omwe adavutitsa kumwera kwa America mzaka za m'ma 1900.Asayansi panthawiyo adazindikira kuti mkaka ndi yisiti, zomwe zonse zili ndi NAD + zoyambira, zidachepetsa zizindikiro.M'kupita kwanthawi asayansi azindikira zoyambira zingapo za NAD + - kuphatikiza nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, ndi nicotinamide riboside, pakati pa ena - omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe zomwe zimatsogolera ku NAD +.Ganizirani zotsogola za NAD + ngati njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe mungatenge kuti mufike komwe mukupita.Njira zonse zimakufikitsani kumalo amodzi koma kudzera mumayendedwe osiyanasiyana.

Posachedwapa, NAD+ yakhala molekyu yamtengo wapatali pakufufuza kwasayansi chifukwa cha gawo lake lalikulu pazachilengedwe.Gulu la asayansi lakhala likufufuza momwe NAD + imakhudzira phindu lodziwika bwino la nyama zomwe zikupitiliza kulimbikitsa ofufuza kuti amasulire zomwe apezazi kwa anthu.Ndiye kodi NAD+ imagwira ntchito yofunika bwanji?Mwachidule, ndi molekyulu ya coenzyme kapena "wothandizira", yomwe imamangiriza ku michere ina kuti ithandizire kukhudzidwa kwa maselo.

Koma thupi lilibe NAD + yosatha.Ndipotu, zimachepa kwambiri ndi zaka.Mbiri ya kafukufuku wa NAD +, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwake kwaposachedwa mgulu la sayansi, yatsegula njira kuti asayansi afufuze kusunga milingo ya NAD + ndikupeza NAD + yochulukirapo.

Kodi Mbiri ya NAD+ ndi chiyani?

NAD+ idadziwika koyamba Sir Arthur Harden ndi William John Young mu 1906 pomwe awiriwa adafuna kumvetsetsa bwino kuthirira - momwe yisiti imasinthira shuga ndikupanga mowa ndi CO2.Zinatenga pafupifupi zaka 20 kuti azindikire zambiri za NAD +, pamene Harden adagawana Mphotho ya Nobel mu Chemistry mu 1929 ndi Hans von Euler-Chelpin chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yowotchera.Euler-Chelpin adazindikira kuti mawonekedwe a NAD + amapangidwa ndi ma nucleotide awiri, zomangira ma nucleic acid, omwe amapanga DNA.Kupeza kuti nayonso mphamvu, kagayidwe kachakudya, idadalira NAD+ idachitira chithunzi zomwe tikudziwa tsopano za NAD+ yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga kagayidwe kachakudya mwa anthu.

Euler-Chelpin, m'mawu ake a Nobel Prize mu 1930, adatchula NAD + ngati cosymase, zomwe poyamba zinkatchedwa, kuwonetsa mphamvu zake."Chifukwa chomwe timagwirira ntchito yochulukirapo pakuyeretsa ndi kutsimikiza kwa malamulo a zinthu izi," adatero, "ndikuti cosymase ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimafala kwambiri komanso zofunika kwambiri pazachilengedwe pazachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe."

Otto Heinrich Warburg - yemwe amadziwika kuti "Warburg effect" - adakankhira sayansi patsogolo m'ma 1930s, kafukufuku akufotokozeranso kuti NAD + imagwira nawo ntchito za metabolic.Mu 1931, akatswiri a zamankhwala Conrad A. Elvehjem ndi CK Koehn adazindikira kuti nicotinic acid, kalambulabwalo wa NAD +, ndiye adachepetsa pellagra.Dokotala wa United States Public Health Service a Joseph Goldberger adazindikira kale kuti matendawa adalumikizidwa ndi zomwe zidasowa m'zakudya, zomwe adazitcha PPF "pellagra preventive factor."Goldberger adamwalira asanatulukire kuti ndi nicotinic acid, koma zomwe adapereka zidapangitsa kuti apezeke, zomwe zidadziwitsanso malamulo omwe amalamula kuti ufa ndi mpunga ukhale wolimba padziko lonse lapansi.

Zaka khumi zotsatira, Arthur Kornberg, yemwe pambuyo pake adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel posonyeza momwe DNA ndi RNA zimapangidwira, anapeza NAD synthetase, enzyme yomwe imapanga NAD +.Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa chiyambi chakumvetsetsa zomangira za NAD +.Mu 1958, asayansi Jack Preiss ndi Philip Handler adalongosola njira yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti Preiss-Handler pathway.Njirayi ikuwonetsa momwe nicotinic acid - mtundu womwewo wa vitamini B3 womwe unathandizira kuchiza pellagra - umakhala NAD +.Izi zidathandiza asayansi kumvetsetsa bwino ntchito ya NAD + muzakudya.Pambuyo pake Handler adalandira Mendulo Yadziko Lonse ya Sayansi kuchokera kwa Purezidenti Ronald Reagan, yemwe adatchulapo "zothandizira zabwino kwambiri za Handler pakufufuza zamankhwala…

Ngakhale asayansi anali atazindikira kufunikira kwa NAD +, anali asanazindikire zovuta zake pama cell a cell.Ukadaulo womwe ukubwera pakufufuza kwasayansi kuphatikiza kuzindikira kwathunthu kufunikira kwa coenzyme pamapeto pake zidalimbikitsa asayansi kupitiliza kuphunzira molekyu.

Kodi NAD+ imagwira ntchito bwanji m'thupi?

NAD + imagwira ntchito ngati basi, kusamutsa ma elekitironi kuchokera ku molekyu kupita ku inzake mkati mwa ma cell kuti achite mitundu yonse yamachitidwe ndi njira.Ndi mnzake wa mamolekyu, NADH, molekyulu yofunikirayi imatenga nawo gawo pazosintha zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapanga mphamvu zama cell athu.Popanda milingo yokwanira ya NAD+, ma cell athu sakanatha kupanga mphamvu zilizonse kuti akhale ndi moyo ndikugwira ntchito zawo.Ntchito zina za NAD + zikuphatikiza kuwongolera kayimbidwe kathu ka circadian, komwe kumayang'anira kugona kwa thupi lathu / kudzuka.

Tikamakalamba, milingo ya NAD + imatsika, zomwe zikuwonetsa zofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa metabolic komanso matenda okhudzana ndi ukalamba.Kuwonongeka kwa DNA kumadziunjikira ndi snowballs ndi ukalamba.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani milingo ya NAD + ikachepetsedwa?

Kafukufuku wambiri akuwonetsa kuchepa kwa milingo ya NAD + m'mikhalidwe yosokonekera yazakudya, monga kunenepa kwambiri, ndi kukalamba.Kuchepetsa kwa milingo ya NAD + kumatha kubweretsa zovuta za metabolism.Mavutowa amatha kuyambitsa zovuta, kuphatikizapo kunenepa kwambiri komanso kukana insulini.Kunenepa kwambiri kumayambitsa matenda a shuga komanso kuthamanga kwa magazi.

Kusokonezeka kwa metabolic komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa NAD + kutsika.Kuthamanga kwa magazi ndi kuchepa kwa ntchito zina za mtima kumatha kutumiza mafunde owopsa ku ubongo omwe angayambitse kuwonongeka kwa chidziwitso.

Kuwongolera kagayidwe ka NAD + ndi njira yothandiza yoteteza ku matenda a metabolic ndi matenda ena okhudzana ndi ukalamba.Magulu angapo achita kafukufuku wosonyeza kuti kuwonjezera pa NAD + boosters kumathandizira kukana insulini kuchokera kunenepa kwambiri.M'mitundu ya mbewa zamatenda okhudzana ndi ukalamba, kuphatikiza ndi NAD + boosters kumawongolera zizindikiro za matendawa.Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kuchepa kwa NAD + ndi zaka kumatha kuyambitsa matenda okhudzana ndi ukalamba.

Kupewa kutsika kwa NAD + kumapereka njira yodalirika yothana ndi vuto la metabolism ndi zaka.Pamene milingo ya NAD + imachepa ndi ukalamba, izi zitha kubweretsa kukonzanso kwa DNA, kuyankha kupsinjika kwa ma cell, komanso kuwongolera kagayidwe kazakudya.

Ubwino Umene Ungatheke

NAD+ ndiyofunikira pakusamalira zamoyo za mitochondrial komanso kuwongolera majini okhudzana ndi ukalamba.Komabe, mulingo wa NAD + m'thupi lathu umatsika kwambiri ndi zaka."Tikamakula, timataya NAD +.Podzafika zaka 50, umakhala uli ndi theka la mlingo umene unali nawo poyamba uli ndi zaka 20,” anatero David Sinclair wa pa yunivesite ya Harvard pokambirana naye.

Kafukufuku wawonetsa kuchepa kwa mamolekyu omwe amalumikizana ndi matenda okhudzana ndi ukalamba kuphatikiza kukalamba mwachangu, kusokonezeka kwa metabolic, matenda amtima, ndi neurodegeneration.Miyezo yotsika ya NAD + imalumikizidwa ndi matenda okhudzana ndi ukalamba chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa metabolism.Koma kubwezeretsanso milingo ya NAD + kwawonetsa zotsatira zotsutsana ndi ukalamba m'zitsanzo za nyama, kuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino pakubwezeretsa matenda okhudzana ndi ukalamba, kuchuluka kwa moyo komanso thanzi.

Kukalamba

Odziwika kuti "oteteza ma genomes," ma sirtuin ndi majini omwe amateteza zamoyo, kuchokera ku zomera kupita ku zinyama, ku kuwonongeka ndi matenda.Majini akazindikira kuti thupi lili ndi nkhawa, monga kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena njala, amatumiza asilikali kukateteza thupilo.Sirtuins amasunga umphumphu wa genome, amalimbikitsa kukonza kwa DNA ndipo awonetsa zinthu zotsutsana ndi ukalamba mu nyama zachitsanzo monga kuchuluka kwa moyo.

NAD + ndiye mafuta omwe amayendetsa majini kuti agwire ntchito.Koma monga galimoto singayendetse popanda mafuta, ma sirtuin amafuna NAD +.Zotsatira za kafukufuku zikuwonetsa kuti kukweza mulingo wa NAD + m'thupi kumayambitsa ma sirtuin ndikuwonjezera moyo wa yisiti, nyongolotsi, ndi mbewa.Ngakhale kubwezeretsanso kwa NAD + kukuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino pazitsanzo za nyama, asayansi akufufuzabe momwe zotsatirazi zingatanthauzire anthu.

Kugwira ntchito kwa minofu

Monga mphamvu ya thupi, ntchito ya mitochondrial ndiyofunikira pakuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi.NAD+ ndi imodzi mwamakiyi osungira mitochondria yathanzi komanso kutulutsa mphamvu kosasunthika.

Kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa NAD + mu minofu kumatha kukonza mitochondria yake komanso kulimba kwa mbewa.Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsanso kuti mbewa zomwe zimatenga zolimbitsa thupi za NAD + ndizowonda kwambiri ndipo zimatha kuthamanga motalikirapo popondaponda, kuwonetsa kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri.Zinyama zokalamba zomwe zili ndi mulingo wapamwamba wa NAD + zimaposa anzawo.

Matenda a metabolic

Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) linanena kuti kunenepa kwambiri ndi mliri womwe wafala kwambiri masiku ano.Kunenepa kwambiri kungayambitse matenda ena a kagayidwe kachakudya monga matenda a shuga, omwe anapha anthu 1.6 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi mu 2016.

Kukalamba komanso zakudya zamafuta ambiri zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa NAD + m'thupi.Kafukufuku wawonetsa kuti kutenga zowonjezera za NAD + kumatha kuchepetsa kulemera kwa mbewa zokhudzana ndi zakudya komanso zaka komanso kukulitsa luso lawo lolimbitsa thupi, ngakhale mbewa zokalamba.Kafukufuku wina adasinthanso zotsatira za matenda a shuga mu mbewa zazikazi, kuwonetsa njira zatsopano zothanirana ndi vuto la metabolic.

Ntchito ya mtima

Kutanuka kwa mitsempha imakhala ngati chotchinga pakati pa mafunde othamanga omwe amatumizidwa ndi kugunda kwa mtima.Koma mitsempha imauma pamene tikukalamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuthamanga kwa magazi, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima.Munthu mmodzi amamwalira ndi matenda a mtima masekondi 37 aliwonse ku United States kokha, CDC ikutero.

Kuthamanga kwa magazi kungayambitse kukulitsa mtima ndi kutsekeka kwa mitsempha yomwe imatsogolera ku sitiroko.Kukulitsa milingo ya NAD + kumateteza mtima, kukonza magwiridwe antchito amtima.Mu mbewa, zolimbitsa thupi za NAD + zabwezeretsanso milingo ya NAD + pamtima mpaka pamiyezo yoyambira ndikuletsa kuvulala pamtima chifukwa cha kusowa kwa magazi.Kafukufuku wina wasonyeza kuti zolimbikitsa za NAD + zimatha kuteteza mbewa kuti zisakule molakwika mtima.

Kodi NAD+ imawonjezera moyo wautali?

Inde, zimatero.Mukanakhala mbewa.Kuchulukitsa NAD+ ndi zolimbitsa thupi, monga NMN ndi NR, kumatha kukulitsa moyo ndi thanzi la mbewa.

Kuchulukitsa kwa NAD + kumapereka zotsatira zochepa ndikutalikitsa moyo mu mbewa.Pogwiritsa ntchito kalambulabwalo wa NAD +, NR, asayansi amapeza mu kafukufuku wofalitsidwa muSayansi, 2016, NR supplementation imawonjezera moyo wa mbewa ndi pafupifupi asanu peresenti.

Kuchulukitsa kwa NAD + kumaperekanso chitetezo ku matenda osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi ukalamba.Kutetezedwa ku matenda okhudzana ndi ukalamba kumatanthauza kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi kwa nthawi yayitali, kukulitsa thanzi.

M'malo mwake, asayansi ena odana ndi ukalamba ngati Sinclair amawona zotsatira za kafukufuku wa nyama zapambana kuti iwo, iwowo, akutenga zolimbikitsa za NAD +.Komabe, asayansi ena monga Felipe Sierra wa bungwe ladziko lonse la ukalamba ku NIH sakuganiza kuti mankhwalawa ndi okonzeka.“Chofunikira ndichakuti sindiyesa chilichonse mwazinthu izi.Chifukwa chiyani?Chifukwa sindine mbewa,” adatero.

Kwa mbewa, kufunafuna “kasupe wa unyamata” kukanatha.Komabe, kwa anthu, asayansi amavomereza kuti sitinafikebe.Mayesero achipatala a NMN ndi NR mwa anthu angapereke zotsatira m'zaka zingapo zotsatira.

Tsogolo la NAD+

Pamene "silver wave" ikuyamba, njira yothetsera matenda okhudzana ndi ukalamba kuti athetse mavuto a zaumoyo ndi zachuma imakhala yofulumira.Asayansi atha kupeza yankho lotheka: NAD +.

Wotchedwa "mamolekyu ozizwitsa" kuti athe kubwezeretsa ndi kusunga thanzi la ma cell, NAD + yawonetsa kuthekera kosiyanasiyana pochiza matenda amtima, shuga, Alzheimer's, komanso kunenepa kwambiri pazinyama.Komabe, kumvetsetsa momwe maphunziro a nyama angamasulire kwa anthu ndi sitepe yotsatira ya asayansi kuti atsimikizire chitetezo ndi mphamvu ya molekyulu.

Asayansi akufuna kumvetsetsa bwino momwe mamolekyu amagwirira ntchito komanso kafukufuku wa NAD + metabolism akupitiliza.Tsatanetsatane wa momwe mamolekyu amagwirira ntchito amatha kuwulula chinsinsi chobweretsa sayansi yolimbana ndi ukalamba kuchokera ku benchi kupita ku bedi.